The Trade Specificities between Turkey and Poland
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24917/20801653.323.13Keywords:
export, HHI, import, Poland, TurkeyAbstract
The general consensus among policymakers and researchers is that in order to increase economic growth, it is necessary to diversify trade. The objective of this paper, therefore, is to analyse the dynamics of trade, specifically the export concentration of products between Turkey and Poland from 1995 to 2015. Despite a historically complicated relationship, these two countries have significantly strengthened economic ties and political cooperation. The last two decades in particular, have witnessed the manifestations of such close cooperation between these two countries. By measuring the export product concentration using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), we found higher export concentration from Turkey to Poland in the majority of products traded, in contrast to Poland’s exports to Turkey. The analysis carried out also indicates the imperative for the two countries to consolidate their existing partnership by removing trade barriers that may hinder stronger economic relation and cooperation. Furthermore, reforms are needed in both countries to closely align production structures necessary for greater and more sustained trade partnership.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Ahmed, S. Sattar, Z. (2012). Reducing Vulnerability in Export Performance: The Export Diversification Challenge in Bangladesh, International Growth Centre. London, United Kingdom: London School of Economics.
Altan, A, Olcay, Y.Ç. (2016). The role of the extensive margin in export of Turkey: A comparative Analysis. Central Bank Review, 16, 59–64
Arip, M.A., Yee, L. S., and Abdul Karim B. (2010). Export Diversification and Economic Growth in Malaysia. MPRA Paper, 20588, 1–10.
Ayrancı, E. (2009). Türkiye’nin Ekonomik Açıdan Küreselleşmesinin Yoğunlaşma Vasıtasıyla Ölçülmesi ve Konu Hakkında Bir Araştırma. Anadolu Bil MYO Dergisi, 4(16): 50–64.
Balcer, A. (2015). A Polish-Romanian-Turkish Triangle and the Black Sea Region – A New Driving Force of Regional Integration? Neighborhood Policy Paper.
Belke, A. (2005). Turkey in transition to EU membership: Pros and cons of integrating a dynamic economy. Perceptions, 10, 53–63.
Carrere, C., Strauss-Kahn, V., Cadot, O. (2011). Export diversification: What’s behind the hump? The Review of Economics and Statistics, 93(2): 590–605.
Central Statistical Office of Poland (GUS) (2013). Yearbook of foreign trade statistics 2013. Warsaw: GUS.
Cowling, K., Waterson, M. (1976). Price-cost margins and market structure. Econ New Ser, 43(171): 267–274.
Demianova, V. (2008). EU Foreign Direct Investment in Croatia and Turkey. Eurostat Statistics in Focus. European Union.
Emirhan, P.N. (2008). How Sophisticated are Poland’s and Turkey’s Exports? International Journal of Emerging and Transition Economies, 1(2), 257–274.
Ergüzel, O.S., Tunahan, H., Esen, S. (2016). Measuring the Globalization of Cities from the New Regionalism Perspective. SpringerPlus, 5, 1536
Erkan, B. (2014). Product and Market Diversification in Turkey’s Foreign Trade. International Journal of Advances in Management and Economics, 3(1), 1–15.
Erlat, G., Sahin, B. (1998). Export Diversification in Turkey over Time. METU Studies in Development, 25, 47–60.
Gökalp, M.F., Yıldırım, A. (2004), “Effects of the Customs Union on Turkey and the EU Relations”, Avrupa Birliği Sürecinde Türkiye, Siyasal Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Dönüşüm, Sorunlar ve Tartışmalar, (edt: T.Uzun, S.Özen), Seçkin Yayınevi, Ankara, 263–288.
Gros, D., Selçuki, C. (2013). The Changing Structure of Turkey’s Trade and Industrial Competitiveness: Implications for the EU. Global Turkey in Europe working paper.
Gurgul, H., Lach, Ł. (2010). International Trade and Economic Growth in the Polish Economy. Operations Research and Decisions, 20(3–4), 5–29
Hesse, H. (2008). Export Diversification and Economic Growth. The World Bank Commission on Growth and Development, 21, 1–25.
Inançlı, S., Akal, M. (2013). Export and Import Products Groups’ Shares of Turkey with CEE Countries after theirs Accessions to EU and before. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 3(11), 1419–1438.
Kirişçi, K., Kaptanoğlu, N. (2011). ‘The politics of trade and Turkish foreign policy’. Middle Eastern Studies, 47(5).
Klinger, B., Lederman, D. (2006). Diversification, Innovation, and Imitation inside the Global Technological Frontier. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 3872.
Krueger, A.O., Aktan, O.H. (1992). Swimming Against the Tide: Turkish Trade Reforms in the 1980s. International Center for Economic Growth.
Maćkowiak, H. (2011). The Goods Structure of Trade between Polish Regions and the European Union. Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, 16, 57–74.
Mierzwa, J. (2015). Polish-Turkish relations in the 19th and 20th centuries: The struggle for independence and modernization. Journal of Economics and Management, 20(A), 6–21.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2011). Relations between Turkey and Poland. Republic of Turkey, Ankara.
Naude, W., Rossouw, R. (2008). Export Diversification and Specialization in South Africa: Extent and Impact. World Institute for Development Economic Research, 93(1–36).
Öniş, Z., Bayram, I.E. (2010). “Temporary Star or Emerging Tiger? Turkey’s Economic Performance in a Global Setting”. In T. Çetin, F. Yilmaz (eds.). Understanding the Process of Economic Change in Turkey. Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Öniş, Z., Rubin, B. (eds.) (2003). The Turkish Economy in Crisis. London: Frank Cass.
Pamuk, Ş. (2007). Economic Change in Twentieth Century Turkey: Is the Glass More than Half Full? American University of Paris. Working Paper, 41.
Parteka, A. (2013). The Evolving Structure of Polish Exports (1994–2010). Diversification of Products and Trade Partners. Bank i Kredyt, 5, 435–466.
Saif, I., Barakat, N. (2005). Competition, Competition Policy and Economic Efficiency in the MENA Region-Jordan’s Country Report. IDRC Final Report. 1–69.
Samen, S. (2010). The primer on export diversification: key concepts, theoretical underpinnings and empirical evidence. Growth and Crisis Unit. World Bank Institute.
Secer, A. (2008). An Investigation on Turkish Hazelnut Export Concentration. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 4(11), 1557–1560.
Seymen, D. (2009). Gümrük Birliği, Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliği ile Ticaretinde Ülke Yoğunlaşmasını Değiştirdi mi? Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(1), 199–220.
Seymen, D., Bilici, Ö. (2009). Has Customs Union Changed the Country Concentration of Trade between Turkey and the European Union? European Trade Study Group 10th Annual Conference, ETSG 2009, Rome, 1–14
Şimşek, N., Seymen, D., Utkulu, U. (2007). Turkey’s Competitiveness in the EU Market: A Comparison of Different Trade Measures, European Trade Study Group, 9th Annual Conference, Athens.
ThinkTank Dossier (2014). 600th years of Polish-Turkish Diplomatic Relations. Available from: mttp.pl/pobieranie/DOSSIER_TURCJA.pdf.
Togan, S. (1994). Foreign Trade Regime and Trade Liberalization in Turkey during the 1980s. Aldershot: Avebury, Ashgate Publishing Ltd.
Topaktaş, H. (2014). Ottoman-Polish Relations from the Turkish Perspective: Written, Unwritten and Remembered. Herito, 14, 50–61.
TurkStat (2016). Foreign Trade Statistics. Ankara: Turkish Statistical Institute.
Ustaoğlu, M., Y ıldız, B. (2011). Information Technology’s Effect on Turkey’s Foreign Trade: An Investigation for the Last Decade. 7th International Strategic Management Conference. Paris.
Voinea, L. (2002). Advancing at its own speed: A trade approach on Romania’s convergence to EU. Romanian J. European Affairs, 2(3), 56–71.
Wilhelms, C. (1967). Export diversification in Latin America. Intereconomics, 2, 46–48.
World Bank (2007). Export Diversification in Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia. Social and Economic Development Sector Unit Middle East and North Africa Region, 2, 1–91.
World Bank (2014). Evaluation of the EU-Turkey Customs Union. Report No. 85830-TR. Washington DC: The World Bank Group.
World Bank (2016). The World Bank in Poland: A Country Snapshot. Washington DC: The World Bank Group.
World Bank (2016). The World Bank in Turkey: A Country Snapshot. Washington DC: The World Bank Group.
World Bank World Integrated Trade Solutions (2013). Online trade outcomes indicators – User’s Manual Solutions. Version 1.0
Word Customs Organization (2015). Retrieved from www.Wcoomd.Org
World Trade Organization (2000). Trade policy reviews of Poland, 2000. Retrieved from http:// www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp136_e.htm
Xin, X., Liu, J. (2008). Geographic Concentration and China’s Agricultural Export Instability. The World Economy, 31(2), 275–285.
Yilmaz, B. (2003). Turkey’s Competitiveness in the European Union: A Comparison with Five Candidate Countries – Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania – and the EU15. Ezoneplus Working Paper, 12.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Articles are published under the terms of the Creative Commons License (CC BY-ND 4.0; Attribution– NoDerivs).
