Role of the Hallyu Wave in the Development of Cultural Tourism in South Korea

Authors

  • Małgorzata Bajgier-Kowalska Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego Wydział Prawa, Administracji i Stosunków Międzynarodowych
  • Mariola Tracz Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne Oddział w Krakowie
  • Kamila Wałach Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego Wydział Prawa, Administracji i Stosunków Międzynarodowych

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24917/20801653.313.2

Keywords:

cultural diffusion, cultural tourism, globalisation, Hallyu Wave, Korean pop culture, South Korea

Abstract

The study is focused on globalisation processes occurring across the world in the area of culture and related tourist services, as well as local efforts to underscore regional cultural values and identity. The paper discusses the state and evolution of cultural tourism associated both directly and indirectly with Korean mass culture, its impact on tourist traffic, and benefits for the Korean economy. The proliferation of Korean culture known as the Hallyu Wave may be considered as a form of cultural diffusion. The three most important elements of Hallyu are Korean pop music known as K-pop, television soap operas known as K-dramas, and Korean feature films. All three are highly successful in Asia and the United States, as well as in Europe. This helps reduce the cultural barrier between South Korea and other countries around the world. In addition, they act as promotional vehicles for South Korea resulting in increased tourist traffic to this Asian nation. The number of tourists visiting South Korea increased more than 14 times in the period 1980-2014. The Hallyu Wave is also helping with the export of various South Korean products. According to data provided by the Korea Trade-Investment Promotion Agency for 2015, profits associated with the export of Korean cultural goods stood at 2.8 billion U.S. dollars. The paper uses data provided online by the Korea Tourism Organization, Korean government agencies, tourist agencies, and Internet sources directly associated with the provision of goods and services connected with the Hallyu Wave. In addition, the paper is based on a review of sources in the foreign research literature. All available sources were used to evaluate the impact of the Hallyu Wave on the growth of selected areas of the South Korean economy.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Author Biographies

Małgorzata Bajgier-Kowalska, Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego Wydział Prawa, Administracji i Stosunków Międzynarodowych

Małgorzata Bajgier-Kowalska, Ph.D., assistant professor, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Faculty of Law, Administration and International Relations, Department of International Tourism and Sociological Geography. Research issues, as well as publication themes, are concentrated on geomorphology and the issues concerning regional geography. The author’s research concentrates also on the problem of tourism and recreation growth, especially on the question of development conditions and functioning of tourist regions in the world including analyses of spatial differentiation of tourist infrastructure and the size of tourism itself.

Mariola Tracz, Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne Oddział w Krakowie

Mariola Tracz, Ph.D., geographer, didactic of geography, member of the Polish Geographical Society. Interested in: geographical education (geography curriculum, development of geography competency, geography on examination, history of geography education in Poland), socio-economic geography and tourism (agritourism, cultural tourism).

Kamila Wałach, Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego Wydział Prawa, Administracji i Stosunków Międzynarodowych

Kamila Wałach, M.Sc., graduate of the Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Faculty of Law, Administration and International Relations. The author’s research interests are concentrated on international tourism, particularly on the region of Asia.

References

Bajgier-Kowalska, M., Tracz, M., Wałach, K. (2016). Międzynarodowe uwarunkowania rozwoju turystyki medycznej w Korei Południowej. Prace Komisji Geografii Przemysłu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego, 30(4), 119–132.

Bok-rae, K. (2015). Past, Present and Future of Hallyu (Korean Wave). American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 5(5), 154–160.

Castells, M. (2004). The network society: A cross-cultural perspective. Northampton, ME: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc.

Charzyński, P., Podgórski, Z., Kamecka, A. (2016) (2016, 7 listopada). Potencjał rozwoju turystyki kulinarnej w Korei Południowej. Turystyka Kulturowa, 5, 131–144. Pobrano z www.turystykakulturowa.org

Cho, C. (2010). Korean wave in Malaysia and changes of the Korean Malaysia relations. Malaysian Journal of Media Studies, 12, 1–14.

Choi, M.S. (2012). The effects of Korean wave on Korea’s exportation. Interntional Commerce and Information Review, 14, 67–86.

Chua, B.H., Iwabuchi, K. (Eds.) (2008). East Asian pop culture: Analysing the Korean wave. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.

Crane, D. (1999). Diffusion Models and Fashion: A Reassessment, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 56(6), 13–24.

Doobo, S. (2006). Hybridity and the rise of Korean popular culture in Asia. Media, Culture & Society, 28(1), 25–44. doi:10.1177/0163443706059278

Furmanovsky, M. (2008). American Country Music in Japan: Lost Piece in the Popular Music History Puzzle. Popular Music and Society, 31(3), 357–372.

Han, H.Y.E., Lee, J.S. (2010). Study on the KBS TV Drama Winter Sonata and its impact on Korea’s Hallyu tourism development. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 24(2/3), 115–126.

Han, Y.K. (2012). The significance of Japan market on the Hanryu phenomenon: focused on the perspective of Korean media to Japan market. Waseda Review of Socio-Science,18, 129–44.

Hogarth, H.K. (2013). The Korean Wave: An Asian Reaction to Western-Dominated Globalization. Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 12(1/2), 135–151.

Idol Family owned Restaurants & Cafes In Korea (2016, 18 grudnia). Pozyskano z http://www.trazy.com/theme/celeb_places Imagine your Korea (2016, 18 grudnia). Pozyskano z http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/

Inglehart, R. (1999). Global trends: A glimpse ahead: Globalization and postmodern values. The Washington Quarterly, 23, 215–228.

Inglehart, R., Welzel, C. (2006). Modernization, cultural change, and democracy. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Jin, D.Y. (2012) (2016, 26 listopada). Hallyu 2.0: The New Korean Wave in the Creative Industry. International Institute Journal,University of Michigan, (2)1, 3–7. Pozyskano z http://quod.lib.umich.edu/i/iij/11645653.0002.102/--hallyu-20-the-new-korean-wave-in-the-creativeindustry? rgn=main;view=fulltext Jiqing, W. (2004) (2016, 8 listopada).

Korea’s Tourism Development and Its Economic Contribution. Pozyskano z http://congress.aks.ac.kr/korean/files/2_1358493328.pdf

Jung, M. (2016) (2016, grudnia). Exports Of Hallyu Content. Pozyskano z http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/english/news/money/14367-exports-hallyu-content-south-korea% E2%80%99s-hallyu-content-exports-reached-us282-billion

Jung, S., Shim, D. (2013). Social Distribution: K-Pop Fan Practices in Indonesia and the Gangnam Style in South Korea. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 17(5), 485–501.

Kaufman, J., Patterson, O. (2005). Cross-national Cultural Diffusion: The Global Spread of Cricket. American Sociological Review, 70(1), 82–110.

K-Drama: A New TV Genre with Global Appeal. (2011) (2016, 4 października). Korean Culture. Pozyskano z https://pl.scribd.com/document/76289099/K-Drama-A-New-TV-Genrewith- Global-Appeal

Kim, D., Kim, S. (2011). Hallyu from its origin to present: A historical overview. In: D. Kim, M. Kim (Eds.). Hallyu: Influence of Korean popular culture in Asia and beyond. Seoul: Seoul National University Press, 13–34.

Kim, S., Long, F., Robinson, M. (2009). Small Screen, Big Tourism: The Role of Popular Korean Television Dramas in South Korean Tourism. Tourism Geographies, 11(3), 308–333.

Kłoskowska, A. (2002). Kultury narodowe wobec globalizacji a tożsamość jednostki. Kultura i Społeczeństwo, 2, 162.

Ko, N.C., Kim, J.N., No, S.I., Simoes, R.G. (2014). The Korean Wave Hallyu in Looking at Escapism in Peruvian Society. Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 13, 332–346.

Korea Tourism Organization (2016, 4 października). Pozyskano z https://kto.visitkorea.or.kr/ eng/tourismStatics/keyFacts/KoreaMonthlyStatistics/eng/inout/inoutkto Korea tours & activities (2016, 18 grudnia). Pozyskano z www.veltra.com/en/asia/korea/)

Korean Wave Boots Economic Growth (2016) (2016, 24 listopada). Pozyskano z https://tradepolicy.

wordpress.com/2016/04/15/korean-wave-boots-economic-growth/ Lee, Ch. (2013) (2016, 4 października). Hallyu Wave and Tourism. Korea Tourism Organization. Pobrano z http://www.aianta.org/uploads/FileLinks/d31c5344f48d4b35a8efd1a28e49c9c1 /WTC2013_KoreanPopCulture_CharmLee_1.pdf

Lee, E. (2014). The Effects of Hallyu on the Korean Transnationals in the United States. Asian Communication Research, 3(9), 5–21.

Lee, I.S., Arcodia, Ch., Joenglyeol, L. (2012). Multicultural festivals: a niche tourism product in South Korea, Tourism Review, 67(1), 34–41.

Lee, J., Kim, M. (2012) (2016, 18 grudnia). Korean Wave Seen through K-Pop and Drama Search Trends. Pozyskano z www.koreafocus.or.kr/design2/layout/content_print.asp?group_id= 105242

Lee, J.R. (2007). A governance approach to cultural relations: to expand “Hanryu“. Korean Soc. Public. Adm., 17, 123–44.

Marvel Studios and „The Avengers” in South Korea and Asia (2014, 8 kwietnia) (2016, 18 grudnia) Pozyakano z http://seoulbeats.com/2014/04/marvel-studios-avengers-south-korea-asia/

Oh, I. (2013). The Globalization of K-Pop: Korea’s Place in the Global Music Industry. Korea Observer, 44(3), 389–409.

Podsumowanie badania magazynu „Korea Focus” (2016, 18 grudnia). Pozyskano z http://www.koreafocus.or.kr/ Rogers, E.M. (2003). Diffusion of Innovations, Fifth Edition. New York: Free Press.

Ryoo, W. (2009). Globalization, or the logic of cultural hybridization: the case of the Korean wave. Asian Journal of Communication, 19(2), 137–151.

Shim, D. (2008). The growth of Korean cultural industries and the Korean Wave. W: C.B. Huat, K. Iwabuchi (Eds.). East Asian pop culture: Analyzing the Korean wave. Aberdeen, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 15–32.

Super Junior members appointed as honorary ambassadors of Swiss Tourism Board (2015, 4 marca) (2016, 18 grudnia). Pozyskano z http://onehallyu.com/topic/147172-super-junior- -members-appointed-as-honorary-ambassadors-of-swiss-tourism-board/

The Economist on K-Pop’s Role In Celebrity Endorsements (2012) (2016, 18 grudnia). The Grand Narrative. Pozyskano z http://thegrandnarrative.com/2012/08/23/k-pop-celebrity-endorsements/

Tomaszewska-Bolałek, M. (2015). Tradycje kulinarne Korei. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Hanami.

Tuk, W. (2012) (2016, 25 października). The Korean wave: who are behind the success of Korean popular culture? Leiden University Repository. Pozyskano z https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/20142

UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2015 Edition (2016, 4 października). Pozyskano z http://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284416899

UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2016 Edition (2016, 4 października). Pozyskano z http://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284418145

Xu, W.W., Park, J.Y., Park, H.W. (2014).The Networked Cultural Diffusion of Korean Wave. Online Information Review, 39(1), 43–60.

Yu, H., Kim, C., Kim, H. (2012). Investigating Cosmetic Purchase of International Tourists in South Korea. International Journal of Management Cases, 14(1), 398–410.

Published

2017-09-26

How to Cite

Bajgier-Kowalska, M., Tracz, M., & Wałach, K. (2017). Role of the Hallyu Wave in the Development of Cultural Tourism in South Korea. Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society, 31(3), 17–31. https://doi.org/10.24917/20801653.313.2

Most read articles by the same author(s)